农村地区如何“保健康、防重症”？从这本手册看解答******
防疫热点问答｜农村地区如何“保健康、防重症”？从这本手册看解答
新华社北京2月1日电题：农村地区如何“保健康、防重症”？为何要搞好村内环境卫生？——从《农村居民新冠病毒感染防治健康教育手册》看当前疫情防控重点
新华社记者李恒
农村地区仍然是当前疫情防控的重中之重。农村地区如何做到“保健康、防重症”？一直在农村生活的人是否会感染新冠病毒？为何要搞好村内环境卫生？近日发布的《农村居民新冠病毒感染防治健康教育手册》，针对上述问题进行了专业解答。
该手册由国家卫生健康委基层卫生健康司、国家卫生健康委宣传司组织编写、中国健康教育中心编著。
1.问：农村地区如何做到“保健康、防重症”？
答：我国农村地域广、人口多、人均医疗资源相对不足。为了最大程度降低新冠病毒感染带来的影响，更好保障农村居民健康，各地围绕“保健康、防重症”的目标，突出重点人群管理，做到医疗救治“关口前移”，其核心就是“早发现、早识别、早干预、早转诊”。
“早发现”主要是对65岁以上的老年人、孕产妇、儿童、残疾人等重点人群进行一对一包保联系，每周联系服务不少于2次，及时发现问题，及时处置。
“早识别”就是要加强对这些重点人群的健康监测，对可能出现的一些情况，比如有些基础病的并发症、新冠重症风险的苗头和倾向性症状出现以后，要及时识别，及时给予指导和转诊。
“早干预”就是在基层要配备必要的氧疗设备，如氧气袋、氧气瓶、制氧机，还要配备便携式血氧仪监测血氧，发现异常情况，迅速给予吸氧和相应的药物治疗，同时结合实际及时转诊。
“早转诊”就是发现了需要转诊的患者，要及时转到上级医院接受治疗。
2.问：一直在农村生活的人，会不会感染新冠病毒？
答：人群对新冠病毒普遍易感。奥密克戎变异株传播力强、传播速度快。过年、过节期间及前后，人员流动加大，返乡人员增多，也会有很多旅游者来往，加上节庆娱乐、聚餐聚会、走亲访友等人际交流活动，这些都加大了农村居民感染新冠病毒的风险。
3.问：赶集、去农贸市场或超市有哪些注意事项？
答：赶集或前往农贸市场、超市时，应全程佩戴口罩，咳嗽、打喷嚏时应避开他人且不应摘掉口罩，不随地吐痰。挑选商品或排队结账时，与他人保持1米以上社交距离。注意手卫生，尽量少接触公共设施和物品。及时洗手或使用手部消毒剂，不要用不干净的手触摸口、眼、鼻。倡导线上、线下结合的方式进行采购，鼓励线上采购、上门配送、无接触交易等便利服务。
4.问：为什么要搞好村内环境卫生？家里没有自来水怎么洗手？乡亲间如何互助？
答：村内环境卫生与健康密切相关。乱扔垃圾、乱倒污水、乱堆柴草、禽畜散养，不仅影响村容村貌，更为各种传染病的滋生和流行制造了条件，给村民的健康埋下隐患。应做好环境整治，生活垃圾分类投放，日产日清，垃圾、污水集中处理；保护好饮用水源，治理排污渠、臭水塘；家禽、家畜圈养，各家各户要做到庭院及周围环境干净整洁。
如果家里没有自来水或其他清洁流动水源，可请他人用水盆、水瓢、水壶等器具盛水，倒在手上形成流动水冲洗。
在做好个人防护的前提下主动关心关爱、探视探访邻里，为有需要的乡亲提供代买生活用品、紧急送医等力所能及的帮助，将富余的治疗药品、口罩、消毒用品等分享给急需的乡亲。
5.问：婚丧嫁娶还要简办吗？走亲访友应注意什么？
答：婚丧嫁娶尽量简办，适当控制规模，避免大操大办。疫情比较严重时，要按照当地疫情防控的规定和要求，减少聚集性活动。
尽量不要举办大规模的家庭聚集性活动，减少亲朋聚餐聚会的规模、人数，缩短聚会时间。倡导电话、网络问候。
探亲访友时要做好个人防护，要佩戴口罩，注意手卫生，保持社交距离。
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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